TENSES

Tenses is a verb tenses in English that aims to show the time (present, future, or the past) as well as the occurrence of an act or event. Tenses itself is divided into three major parts, namely: Past, Present, Future. And in the Indonesian language means Past, Present, and Later. Tenses themselves divided into 16 forms.

1.     SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

·         Used to action in the present taking place once, never or several times, facts, actions taking place one after another, action set by a timetable or schedule.

·         Signal words: always, every …, never, normally, often, seldom, sometimes, usually

·         Pattern and example

(+) S + V1/V1+s/es + Object/Adverb

Example: Irma makes a cake every month.

(-) S + do/does + not + V1 + Object/Adverb

Example: Irma doesn’t make a cake every month.

(?) Do/does + S + V1 + Object/Adverb?

Example: Does Irma make a cake every month?

·         Notice how you add an “s” to third person forms (she, he, it). Third-person negative forms and third-person questions are made using “does”. Instead of “s”, “es” is added to positive, third person forms of verbs ending with the following sounds: s, z, sh, ch, j or zs (as in Zsa Zsa). These special “es”-forms have been marked below with an asterisk.

2.     PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

·         Used to action taking place in the moment of speaking, action taking place only for a limited period of time, and action arranged for the future.

·         Signal words: now, right now, today, at this time, at present

·         Pattern and example

(+) S + is/am/are + V-ing + Object/Adverb

Example: Irma is making a cake now.

(-) S + is/am/are + not + V-ing + Object/Adverb

Example: Irma is not making a cake now.

(?) Is/am/are + S + V-ing + Object/Adverb?

Example: Is Irma making a cake now?

3.     PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

·         Used to putting emphasis on the result, action that is still going on, action that stopped recently, finished action that has an influence on the present, action that has taken place once, never or several times before the moment of speaking.

·         Signal words: already, ever, just, never, not yet, so far, till now, up to now

·         Pattern and example

(+) S + have/has + V3 + Object/Adverb

Example: Irma has made a cake for an hour.

(-) S + have/has + not + V3 + Object/Adverb

Example: Irma has not made a cake for an hour.

(?) Have/has + S + V3 + Object/Adverb?

Example: Has Irma made a cake for an hour?

4.     PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

·         Used to putting emphasis on the course or duration (not the result), action that recently stopped or is still going on, finished action that influenced the present.

·         Signal words: all day, for 4 years, since 1993, how long?, the whole week

·         Pattern and example

(+) S + have/has + been + V-ing + Object/Adverb

Example: Irma has been making a cake since this morning.

(-) S + have/has + not + been + V-ing + Object/Adverb

Example: Irma has not been making a cake since this morning.

(?) Have/has + S + been + V-ing + Object/Adverb?

Example: Has Irma been making a cake since this morning?

5.     SIMPLE PAST TENSE

·         Used to action in the past taking place once, never or several times, actions taking place one after another, action taking place in the middle of another action.

·         Signal words: yesterday, 2 minutes ago, in 1990, the other day, last Friday

·         Pattern and example

(+) S + V2 + Object/Adverb

Example: Irma made a cake last week.

(-) S + did + not + V1 + Object/Adverb

Example: Irma did not make a cake last week.

(?) Did + S + V1 + Object/Adverb?

Example: Did Irma make a cake last week?

6.      PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

·         Used to action going on at a certain time in the past, actions taking place at the same time, action in the past that is interrupted by another action.

·         Signal words: when, while, as long as

·         Pattern and example

(+) S + was/were + V-ing + Object/Adverb

Example: Irma was making a cake when her mother came.

(-) S + was/were + not + V-ing + Object/Adverb

Example: Irma was not making a cake when her mother came.

(?) Was/were + S + V-ing + Object/Adverb?

Example: Was Irma making a cake when her mother came?

7.     PAST PERFECT TENSE

·         Used to action taking place before a certain time in the past, sometimes interchangeable with past perfect progressive, putting emphasis only on the fact (not the duration).

·         Signal words: already, just, never, not yet, once, until that day

·         Pattern and example

(+) S + had + V3 + Object/Adverb

Example: Irma had made a cake before her mother came.

(-) S + had + not + V3 + Object/Adverb

Example: Irma had not made a cake before her mother came.

(?) Had + S + V3 + Object/Adverb?

Example: Had Irma made a cake before her mother came?

8.     PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

·         Used to action taking place before a certain time in the past, sometimes interchangeable with past perfect simple, putting emphasis on the duration or course of an action

·         Signal words: for, since, the whole day, all day

·         Pattern and example

(+) S + had + been + V-ing + Object/Adverb

Example: Irma had been making a cake since 7 o’clock when her mother came.

(-) S + had + not + been + V-ing + Object/Adverb

Example: Irma had not been making a cake since 7 o’clock when her mother came.

(?) Had + S + been + V-ing + Object/Adverb?

Example: Had Irma been making a cake since 7 o’clock when her mother came?

9.     SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE

·         Used to action in the future that cannot be influenced, spontaneous decision, assumption with regard to the future.

·         Signal words: in a year, next …, tomorrow

·         Pattern and example

(+) S + will/shall + V1 + Object/Adverb

Example: Irma will make a cake tomorrow.

(-) S + will/shall + not + V1 + Object/Adverb

Example: Irma will not make a cake tomorrow.

(?) Will/Shall + S + V1 + Object/Adverb?

Example: Will Irma make a cake tomorrow?

10.                         FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE

·         Used to action that is going on at a certain time in the future, action that is sure to happen in the near future.

·         Signal words: in one year, next week, tomorrow

·         Pattern and example

(+) S + will/shall + be + V-ing + Object/Adverb

Example: Irma will be making a cake next week.

(-) S + will/shall + not + be + V-ing + Object/Adverb

Example: Irma will not be making a cake next week.

(?) Will + S + be + V-ing + Object/Adverb?

Example: Will Irma be making a cake next week?

11.                         FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

·         Used to action that will be finished at a certain time in the future.

·         Signal words: by Monday, in a week

·         Pattern and example

(+) S + will/shall + have + V3 + Object/Adverb

Example: Irma will have made a cake by the time her mother comes.

(-) S + will/shall + not + have + V3 + Object/Adverb

Example: Irma will not have made a cake by the time her mother comes.

(?) Will/shall + S + have + V3 + Object/Adverb?

Example: Will Irma have made a cake by the time her mother comes?

12.                         FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

·         Used to action taking place before a certain time in the future, putting emphasis on the course of an action.

·         Signal words: for …, the last couple of hours, all day long

·         Pattern and example

(+) S + will/shall + have + been + V-ing + Object/Adverb

Example: Irma will have been making a cake for a years.

(-) S + will/shall + not + have + been + V-ing + Object/Adverb

Example: Irma will not have been making a cake for a years.

(?) Will + S + have + been + V-ing + Object/Adverb?

Example: Will Irma have been making a cake for a years?

13. PAST FUTURE TENSE

·         Used to express the events that will occur in the past (not the present, the opposite of the simple future tense).

·         Time signal: yesterday, the next day, the day before, last week, last month

·         Pattern and example

(+) S + would/should + V1 + Object/Adverb

Example: Irma would make a cake in my house yesterday.

(-) S + would/should + not + V1 + Object/Adverb

Example: Irma would not make a cake in my house yesterday.

(?) Would/should + S +V1 + Object/Adverb?

Example: Would Irma make a cake in my house yesterday?

14. PAST FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE

·         Used to tells an action that will be taking place in the past (not yet completed).

·         Time signal: yesterday, last night, last year, last Sunday

·         Pattern and example

(+) S+ would/should + be + V-ing + Object/Adverb

Example: Irma would be making a cake in my house last Monday.

(-) S+ would/should + not + be + V-ing + Object/Adverb

Example: Irma would not be making a cake in my house last Monday.

(?) Would/should + S + be + V-ing + Object/Adverb?

Example: Would Irma be making a cake in my house last Monday?

15. PAST FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

·         Used to state events will have occurred during the past.

·         Including the absolute relative tenses (absolute tenses time interconnected information).

·         Time signal: on … last week, in May last year, at one o’clock yesterday

·         Pattern and example

(+) S + would/should + have + V3 + Object/Adverb

Example: Irma would have made a cake if she had come earlier.

(-) S + would/should + not + have + V3 + Object/Adverb

Example: Irma would not have made a cake if she had not come earlier.

(?) Would/should + S + have + V3 + Object/Adverb?

Example: Would Irma have made a cake if she had come earlier?

16. PAST FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

·         Used to state of events that were taking place in the past.

·         Including the absolute relative tenses (absolute tenses time interconnected information).

·         Is conditional sentence (the sentence has the same meaning, is merely an assumption).

·         Time signal: for …, by next month, by next year, by the end of this month

·         Pattern and example

(+) S + would/should + have + been + V-ing + Object/Adverb

Example: Irma would have been making a cake in my house for a hours.

(-) S + would/should + not + have + been + V-ing + Object/Adverb

Example: Irma would not have been making a cake in my house for a hours.

(?) Would/should + S + have + been + V-ing + Object/Adverb?

Example: Would Irma have been making a cake in my house for a hours?